Witch Engine AKA Top Lifting Dobby Head

So, sure plenty people recognise this thing. For those that don't, it's a top loading dobby loom, the predecessor to the side lifting dobby you'll find on a modern loom like an AVL.

I'm in charge of about 40 of the things. Anyway, i've always wondered who made these, as people reckoned they were about 200 years old, though some thought that was a fanciful estimate.

Anyhoo, I found a wee plate on one of them, which I'd never noticed before which had written on it "Thomas Kennedy, Maker, Galashiels", so I looked the man up, and found the following entry in the "Galashiels and Selkirk Almanac and Directory for 1889 - 1903"

Thomas Kennedy

Loom, Witch and Shuttle Maker

(All witch machines fitted with Kennedy's Reversing Motion)

How very curious, says I. What is a witch machine when it is at home,  stirring a pot and cackling?

Turns out, "witch engine" is a rather old term for this original style of dobby loom, which was originally used (so I understand it from 1 hour on google) around East Anglia in the production of fancy figured cloths, before spreading to the north of England and Scottish Borders prior to the introduction of the Northrop loom and the take up of industrial cloth production.

So, at least we now have a date for the looms here, some of them at least are around 120 years old. Others still are probably cloned from Kennedy's design. The George Wood and Peter Rae looms are certainly clones of this mechanism, and both use the reversing motion, which I take to mean the device which allows one to reverse the direction of the barrel turning when weaving.

 

Has anyone else come across this term "witch engine"? Or know how it came about. I understand that the machine was invented somewhere between 1820 and 1840 as I have read accounts of industrial troubles and struggles amongst the workers of northern england using these machines. The Jacquard was invented in 1801. I think it's curious how the more baroque and complicated devices and techniques are often discovered before the invention of their simpler counterparts who look as if they are a step in the road between.

 

Also, Wikipedia states that "Dobby" is a shortening of "Draw-boy", referring to a draw-loom weavers assistant. In which case, it may seem a more appropriate name for a jacquard head, but never mind.

 

Comments

laurafry

I have heard of dobby mechanisms referred to as witches. It was considered an archaic term, fallen out of common usage a while ago. Nice to find the plate. Cheers Laura

kerstinfroberg

One of my older weaving friends (would have turned 102, I think) was horrified at the word dobby being adopted by Swedish weavers. In her opinion, skaftmaskin (shaft machine) was the appropriate term, because "dobby" (to her) was/should be for more complex motions than shaft controlling. IMO this ties with the idea of a dobby being a draw-boy - but, I guess it could just have been a case of "no anglicisms on my doorstep"...

Which reminds me (sorry, this is somewhat off topic, but maybe mot so much): there was a renowned damask weaver, who claimed "proper" damask shoulf be woven with a jacquard for the "draws" and shafts for the, hm, foundation(?). The jacquard head just replaced the drawboy/draw device, and the weaver still had to treadle through the (let me call it) foundation weave, before advancing the jacquard. This particular weaver was active in the early 20th C - his name escapes me at the moment.

(Sorry, nothing to do w the witch engine - )

SallyE (not verified)

This is all so interesting!   And you are in charge of 40 of them - Wow!   I'm assuming you are in the UK somewhere? 

I too have always found it interesting that the word "dobby" come from the term "draw boy."   Obviously a draw loom is the successor that eliminates the actual boy who "draws" (pulls) the pattern as the weaver weaves.   But the dobby loom (what we think of a dobby today) only has one harness while a draw loom has two, or more.  Of course, with a computer dobby you could devise a pattern that is identical to that created with two harnesses on a draw loom, but it can do more complex patterns also, assuming you have the requisite number of shafts.

So, your 40 machines - what kinds of things are being woven on them?  I assume they aren't being kept without being used!

 

Sara von Tresckow

Can't help with the witch. I learned weaving in Germany - the "dobby" was referred to as a "Schaftmaschine" similar to the Swedish term.

If there was ever a drawboy with the dobby, it was when the number of treadles exceeded what a weaver could do with his feet. I've never seen such a loom, but if patterns were woven on 40 shafts, 40 treadles would have been quite awkward, unless there were an accompanying mechanism that could move the shafts or treadles independently of the weaver.

As for the Jacquard machine with regular shafts - it wasn't a requirement, but actually the industrial loom is a modular device. Jacquard invented a device with hooks for lifting pattern threads. The earliest looms using these retained the ground shafts and used the Jacquard heads to pull pattern. As time went on, the ground shafts disappeared and the loom then lifted all warped threads.

Today's modern industrial Jacquard looms are built of a base "loom" that contains the warp moving and tensioning equipment along with reed and heddles. Such a base loom is built in such a way that the mill can mount either a dobby or a Jacquard loom on that base.

The "witches" look quite interesting. Do they only lift or lift and lower the shafts?

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

As far as the use of language goes, I suspect it may be possible that the term "dobby" or "draw-boy" may result from the lazy habit of english speakers to name a new thing by comparing it loosely to another thing from the past. It looks like the swedish and german names for this mechanism are based on a technical understanding of the function of the machine "shaft machine" whereas the english terms are rather comparing it's function with the aquired by another method (it makes fabrics that would have previously required a "draw-boy" due to having access to all possible sheds rather than being limited to the number of treadles underneath a counterbalance or marche loom). It could be that it was called a witch engine by superstitious or humerous people who thought it was, as we say in the common vernacular in the scottish central belt, "pure magic, like". It could be that it put people out of work and they resented the users of the machine for that, and wanted to slander them.

I looked on etymonline.com for "witch" and can't find any etymological root except the familiar one of a magic-using woman.

 

 

The witch engine works on the closed shed having all shafts lowered, it then raises the shafts that need to be raised. With a dense warp, weights can be attached to the underside of the shafts to hold them down if they are pulled up by warp tension.

It is operated by a foot pedal attached to a long lever at the top and is operated while standing, although I believe the looms once had stools that allowed the weaver to perch while working, though these were done away with for one reason or another.

 

As for the 40 looms, right now they are standing mostly idle. I am the weaving technician at the School of Textiles and Design, Heriot Watt University in the Borders Campus in Galashiels, which is about 40 miles from the English border.

During the first half of the academic year the narrow looms, pictured, are used by first year students first learning to weave, in the second half of the year by second year students continuing their studies. Third and fourth year students use "wide" (40") looms but still have access to the narrow looms, as do PhD students, some of whom find them very useful for attempting exotic fabrics as the looms are easily modified, being made on an open frame.

We also have a Bonas Jacquard production loom that 3rd and 4th year students can make designs for, but which they can't operate.

 

laurafry

I am really sorry that Kerstin and I arrived in Galasheils on a bank holiday and couldn't see the school. :(. But it was great to meet you Andrew. I still haven't used the cashmere. Hopefully one of these days! It will go well on a silk warp, I think. :) Cheers Laura

pammersw

Could "witch" engine have originally been "switch" engine? Switch would make more sense. 

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

pammersw: 

 

guess it could have.

 

apparently apples used to be called napples, but "a napple" became "an apple" and it stuck. so they say.

 

Though I wonder if there was enough time between 1830 and 1860 for that kind of linguistic drift to occur.

 

Searching for this kind of thing is complicated by the fact that engineheads appear to refer to any bundle of wires for a particular purpose as a loom.

pammersw

And "engine" used to refer to any kind of mechanical mechanism.  :)

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

looked it up on etymonline.com, my favourite etymology search engine

 

"engine (n.) Look up engine at Dictionary.com

c.1300, "mechanical device," also "skill, craft," from Old French engin "skill, cleverness," also "trick, deceit, stratagem; war machine" (12c.), from Latin ingenium "inborn qualities, talent" (see ingenious). At first meaning a trick or device, or any machine (especially military); sense of "device that converts energy to mechanical power" is 18c., especially of steam engines."

laurafry

Peter Collingwood would no doubt have known. Unfortunately he's no longer here. :( If memory serves, the term witch engine was part derogatory, part because the way it worked was a bit magical. I checked the Oxford Dictionary, compact version but the definition for witch went on for columns and I gave up. But not all technical terms might get into an ordinary dictionary especially if it was limited in usage. I will have to check the website. I love words, too. cheers Laura

endorph

that really don't help much but I throw them out there anyway. . .

"dobbie" is old English for a house spirit - i.e. Dobby the elf in the Harry Potter novels - house spirit = witch?

At one time there lived in  Galashiels a Thomas Kennedy a Loom and Witch Machine maker. . . .

Grimm's Deutsches Woerterbuch suggests one possible root for the the word witch to be weg'h - meaning to move!

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

dobbie (n.) Look up dobbie at Dictionary.com
"household sprite," 1811, from playful use of the proper name represented in dobbin (q.v.). In Sussex, such apparitions were called Master Dobbs.

so, a common colloquial term in southern England in the early 19th century and no doubt earlier.

Could a household sprite be a helper spirit? As in doing the dishes in the middle of the night, pulling the strings on the loom, etc?

Topsy Kennedy

Thomas Kennedy is my great grandfather.  My grandfather (one of Thomas' 3 sons - he also had a daughter) grew up in Galashiels and like many mill owner sons, went off to the Great War in 1914/15. He returned, unlike many others, and went on to become a watercolour artist, a contemporary of Anne Redpath and Donald Moodie at Edinburgh College of Art.  During a stay in Paris, he met Sinclair Lewis, author of Main Street. 

The mills are coming a little back to life in the Scottish Borders, which as an area, is enjoying a renewed lease of life with the re-opening of the Border train line, connecting Edinburgh to the Border region once again by rail.  And in 2012, Chanel purchased the Barrie cashmere mill in Hawick.  Hopefully a new dawn for the Border mills. 

I can't tell you how thrilled I was to see mention of Thomas Kennedy from Galashiels on this website.  I had been googling his name, in an attempt to find out more about him and the family, and it was by chance that I came across Weavolution.  It's nice to know that his invention is still talked about.  Makes him feel more real. 

 

 

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

Hi Topsy LD

 

Great to hear your story. I'm a great admirer of your great-grandfather's looms. I've worked with several types of dobby looms, mechanical and electronic. Kennedy, Wood, AVL and Texel, and Kennedy's are by far the most durable and repairable. I can't imagine any of the other three being in working order after over 100 years of rough abuse like the Kennedy looms would have received, they were very well used!

I like the fact that they're not all exactly the same and there's always a little wiggle room, so that if things are a little off you can usually shoogle things around with a screwdriver then tighten them up again and off it goes. 

 

Here is a link to the Almanac text that describes his business from 1889.

 

https://archive.org/stream/galashielsselkir1897dire/galashielsselkir1897dire_djvu.txt

 

It says he was also a furniture maker and undertaker. I guess if you're already making things out of wood, why not beds and coffins too?

I don't know if he made looms for anyone else, but I reckon he must have made at least 80 for the college alone. There are about 50 now and many have been scrapped due to cutbacks or broken down for spare parts.

The mills are indeed coming back, the knitting mills anyway are doing quite well. Unfortunately the big mill in Peebles closed the other year which was a terrible shame, a lot of people out of work. Weaving production at an industrial level really benefits from a mass-industry approach to things which I think is something we're not too good at anymore. Knitting on the other hand is great for us because the designers and pattern drafters have to be very highly skilled especially with the more modern 4-bed machines (which are just amazing btw) and you can make one of unique items, so they're doing good yeah.