I posted some time ago about my plans for a folding jack loom. It takes me a while to get around to things, but I've finally made the frame, from pieces of old dobby shafts which supplied me with a large amount of wooden bars of uniform dimensions (though some are a little warped).

 

I want to make something a little nicer than this next once I've worked out all the kinks. In the meantime, I threw this together with nails to hold it all together so that I can make sure the heights are correct and that it's comfortable to work on before I go spending money on hardwoods. Also, my bench vice is broken and I haven't got the bits to fix it yet, so there's not much I can do in the way of chiselling and so on.

 

Anyhoo, it seems to open and close nicely. I still need to cut a track for the tightening bolt that holds the arms so it can be opened and closed without the need to remove the 8mm nut altogether. I've built the castle in such a way that I can drop different shedding systems into it at will. The castle is also a little large, but I can always cut it down, which wouldn't be an option if I'd made it too short. 

 

I also need to install the beams, front and back and the batten. I'm still trying to figure out how to make the batten frame without the benefit of a router, but I'll figure something out, even if it isn't the most elegant. If I get the vice working again I guess I could simply cut out the grooves for the reed with a morticing chisel, so that's an option. I'm also considering whether to use an underslung beater, as is usual, or emulate the overslung spring-back beater I've seen on the Ashford table looms. It's very elegant, though it may interfere with the closing of the loom. I'll probably go with underslung.

 

Something I'm very concerned about also is making the loom comfortable to dress and to use. I thread up my looms by hanging the cross vertically behind the shafts just above the height of the heddle eyes and I prefer to have the heddle-eyes at eye height so I don't have to crick my neck or bend my back to see the cross. I am accustomed to working with metal heddles on steel rails so it's easy to hold the warp at tension with one hand and slide and thread the heddles with the end of the hook held in the other. Also, I like to be up close to the heddles, I don't like having a breast beam in front of my chest or a warp beam at my knees interfering with my access to the shafts. Ideally, i think, when closed the shafts should be resting in the raised position and make threading up in this position as natural as possible. My worry is that either the breast beam, warp beam or the shedding mechanism below the shafts will interfere with said access. Hopefully there won't be too much of a problem with that and any issues I find can be alleviated by inexpensive modifications to the design of the loom.

Another worry is that maybe the height of the warp line is a little low and there's not enough leg space for someone of average height like me. This might be alleviated by extending the x-frame length and maybe lowering the pivot point, but it's an unknown to me at what point lowering the pivot point on the X-frame will interfere with the thing's stability.

One other thing is the positioning of the cloth beam so I don't batter my knee on it every time I move from one pedal to another. I have seen on the schacht I believe, that they place the cloth beam on the bottom end of the castle frame, which I expect would keep it well out of the way of one's shins

.

 

So the next job is the warp beams (a mop handle, cut in two with added ratchets) and the shedding system. Placement of the beams could prove to be a headache to do in such a way that I don't compromise the narrowness of the loom when folded. The purpose of this loom is to be put in the cupboard when it's not being used and then brung into the living room so I can weave in the front room and avoid heating two rooms, so anything that makes it's folded form wider is to be avoided if at all possible.

As usual, I am documenting on my blog.

Comments

Sara von Tresckow

Interesting start. There are some features of the x-frame folding loom that are now causing you to think about how to complete this project.

The type of threading you wish to do would benefit greatly from the ability to remove the breast beam during this step in warping. Since you would put it back in prior to weaving, it wouldn't destabilize the loom.

Since you have the nice high castle, it allows you to hang the reed when sleying so that an underslung beater wouldn't require threading it in the beater bar.

Which type of beater? If you can figure out how to work it, the hanging beater is better for a full range of fabrics. An underslung beater is difficult when weaving delicate fabrics.

For your knees, you should be trying to figure out how to mount a knee beam on the frame, if only temporarily when weaving. These are standard on counterbalance or countermarche looms.

The folding countermarche looms we sell are an interesting construct - they take up more space when folded than the x-frame, but they have the front end traditional with shafts/beater/breast or knee beam. The back beam is fixed due to the folding pieces, but as long as the breast beam comes out easily, warping/threading/sleying are very comfy.

Good luck with completion.

 

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

Hi Sara

 

Thanks for your comments. A couple questions regarding same.

 

Firstly, I am unfamiliar with the underslung beater and have only used it rarely. I assumed it would be a better choice for hand-passing as the beater naturally comes to rest allowing the hands freedom to pass the shuttle, whereas on overslung beaters I'm familiar with, the beater has to be pushed back making the hand throwing of a shuttle and awkward process. I assumed this was why this type of beater was most common with fly-shuttle looms.

Is the problem with the underslung that it beats the fell in a diagonal direction, rather than pushing the weft on the horizontal plane?

Regarding the first issue, it occurs to me that the overslung beater on the ashford table looms comes to rest due to the bungees that pull it back. I've also seen videos of asian handlooms that have the reed mounted on spring arms that pull it back, a bit like on an AVL floor loom. Sometimes assisted with a spring or bungee cord.

In this regard, an overslung with a springback mechanism may be a better choice due to it not needing so much in the way of additional mechanisms that could interfere with the folded shape of the loom. Plus additional complexity = additional time and cost, should be avoided if possible.

One interesting variation i'm familiar with is the beater on the Weavemaster loom, a common british table loom. On this loom, the beater is underslung with very short arms, but is pivoted near the bottom of the reed housing, allowing for the reed to puch on the horizontal plane no matter the position of the fell line in relation to the reed. It's quite nice, but does require a little strength in the wrist and may not be the best for prolonged weaving. I've only ever used the thing for little samples.

 

Secondly, what is a knee beam? I don't think I've encountered one.

 

Something to bear in mind about this loom is it's definitely a sampling/hobby loom rather than a production thing. So it doesn't have to be super efficient while weaving, but the comfort during threading up is of paramount concern. The largest concern is economy of storage when not in use for people, like ourselves, who live on a very modest budget

Sara von Tresckow

Andrew,

The underslung beater on a loom such as yours tends to "flop" over on the fell line and if you are interested in delicate fabrics it is difficult to get it to go gently enough - I've been weaving airy mohair scarves on a Victoria table loom and in many cases, I need to stop and loosen the last weft insertion because the beater came down too firmly. I also find it easier to develop a steady rhythm using a hanging beater - I'm used to using big Scandinavian looms where you actually hang some body weight on the beater and rock back and forth while weaving. Fly shuttles are used on both types of beater.

A knee beam is a beam found on standard European counterbalance or countermarche looms that routes the cloth back toward the center of the loom as it passes to the cloth beam. The entire purpose is to create space for your knees - look at the web site of any loom maker - Oxaback, Toika, Glimakra and you can see how they are used. If you can find a way to attach such a beam to your loom - at least when weaving - you'd have your comfort and room for your knees.

sandra.eberhar…

I have looms with both types of beaters, and while many people favor overhead beaters, I have noticed this: modern looms have a greater distance from the floor to the fell than from the fell to the top of the castle.  So an underslung beater, pivoting from the floor, has longer swords and a flatter arc, creating a larger "sweet spot".  Hanging beaters have shorter swords, a deeper arc, and a very small sweet spot where the reed is perpendicular to the cloth.  Very old looms often have very tall castles, and have hanging beaters with very flat arcs.  Given a modern loom with a castle less than 4 feet from the fell,  I would prefer an underslung beater.

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

Aaah, I get what you mean by the knee beam now, I know the beam you mean, it all makes sense now. I guess I could mount both that and the cloth beam on the front of the castle.

 

As far as beaters go, I know exactly how to go about doing an underslung beater, so I'll do that first. As far as overslung beaters go, I'm very familiar with the george wood, thomas kennedy style of loom with a heavy overslung beater which, while being on a stand-up loom, also work with the same kind of rocking body motion. For this loom though that's not an option. I have about 3 ideas for an overslung beater, but I think the best option (inside my head at least) is to have the beater hanging from above as normal and to be pulled back by a sort of double lever mechanism. Have to figure that one out.

 

For the time being, I'll definitely install a knee beam somewhere on the frame, for the beater I'll start with a regular underslung beater and try other types of beater out once I've got other things working well.

 

Strictly for my needs, I always make tightly woven cloth and prefer a heavy beat on a light tension to get plenty of weft packing. I am currently trying to develop rather dense cloth with a supple handle for a specific application, so it'll do for me for now, but I am very interested in making the best loom I can.

 

I remember I once attempted to read a book on very technical specifics of weaving in relation to takeup, tension, warp coverage and so on. It was very heavy on math and scientific diagrams and so on, but I didn't really get it at the time and it was a little more than I needed to know for the time. I'll have to look that book out again, it may have a few things to say.

laurafry

There are a number of old books that might have info for you. Perhaps on hand weaving.net. I think the author of one of them was Fox. I can look at the biblio in the back of Allen Fannins book to see if there are titles that might be helpful. Not at home at the minute but can look tonight. Email me if interested... Cheers Laura

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

actually, i have fannins book, I should probably look at the bibliography myself. I'm not the best researcher. Cheers for reminding me :)

laurafry

Great. Extensive biblio. :) Cheers Laura

sandra.eberhar…

IF you are looking for weave to give you a dense, supple fabric, I would start with a fulled twill.  A poplin might be interesting.  If I remember correctly, poplin is a warp faced material originally made with a silk warp.

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

oh, absolutely. I'm a big fan of the 3/1 twill. I work with unevenly dyed warps to create a kind of fading effect. Something special I'm working on. I know how to do what I want with the fabric, given a good loom. The thing I'm working on is engineering a tiny loom in such a way that I can do a reasonable amount of the things I could do with a big loom. Aside from obvious thing, like weaving rugs, say.

 

I'm not familiar with poplin, I looked online and couldn't find any drafts. The only decent resolution picture I could find looked like a warp faced plain weave with quite significant warp coverage.

Could it be known under another name? I find a lot of the names for basic weaves are different between US and UK. Tabby for plain weave, waffle for honeycomb, etc.

 

As far as silk warp goes, whoo, that may have to wait till another day. My purse stretches only to cotton for the time being.

sandra.eberhar…

If I remember correctly, poplin with a silk warp was originally developed in Ireland.

Andrew Kieran (not verified)

I'll look it up when I'm in the library tomorrow, might find something

weaver-dyer (not verified)

I find that Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles edited by Totora and Merkel to be a handy resource. The definition of "poplin" according to them is "A durable, plain weave fabric having fine cross ribs produced by employing warp yarns that are considerably finer than the filling yarns, with about two or three times as many ends per inch as picks." The fabric can consist of a variety of fibers. It is similar to "broadcloth" but has a heavier rib and heavier weight. 

Janet

 

weaver-dyer (not verified)

I find that Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles edited by Totora and Merkel to be a handy resource. The definition of "poplin" according to them is "A durable, plain weave fabric having fine cross ribs produced by employing warp yarns that are considerably finer than the filling yarns, with about two or three times as many ends per inch as picks." The fabric can consist of a variety of fibers. It is similar to "broadcloth" but has a heavier rib and heavier weight. 

Janet